Yintoni oomatshini be-CNC?

Imbali yoomatshini beCNC
UJohn T. Parsons (1913-2007) we-Parsons Corporation eTraverse City, i-MI ithathwa njengovulindlela wolawulo lwamanani, isandulela kumatshini we-CNC wale mihla.Ngomsebenzi wakhe, uJohn Parsons uye wabizwa ngokuba nguyise we-2nd revolution yezoshishino.Kwakufuneka enze iiblade zehelikopta ezintsonkothileyo kwaye wakhawuleza waqonda ukuba ikamva lokuvelisa lalidibanisa oomatshini kwiikhompyuter.Namhlanje iinxalenye ze-CNC ezenziweyo zinokufumaneka phantse kuwo onke amashishini.Ngenxa yoomatshini be-CNC, sineempahla ezingabizi kakhulu, ukhuseleko lwelizwe olunamandla kunye nomgangatho wokuphila ophezulu kunokuba kunokwenzeka kwihlabathi elingenamashishini.Kweli nqaku, siza kuphonononga imvelaphi yomatshini we-CNC, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini be-CNC, iinkqubo zoomatshini be-CNC kunye neendlela eziqhelekileyo zoomatshini be-CNC.

Oomatshini Dibana neKhompyutha
Ngowe-1946, igama elithi “ikhompyutha” lithetha umatshini wokubala osebenza ngepunch card.Nangona iParsons Corporation yayenze ipropeller enye ngaphambili, uJohn Parsons waqinisekisa iSikorsky Helicopter ukuba inokuvelisa iitemplate ezichanekileyo zokudityaniswa kwepropeller kunye nokuveliswa.Wagqiba ekuqulunqeni indlela yekhompyutha yepunch-card yokubala amanqaku kwincakuba yerotor yehelikopta.Emva koko waba nabaqhubi bajika amavili kwezo ndawo kumatshini wokungqusha weCincinnati.Ubambe ukhuphiswano lwegama lale nkqubo intsha kwaye wanika i-50 yeedola kumntu oqulunqa "uLawulo lwamanani" okanye i-NC.

Ngo-1958, wafaka i-patent yokudibanisa ikhompyutha kumatshini.Isicelo sakhe selungelo elilodwa lomenzi wechiza safika kwiinyanga ezintathu ngaphambi kweMIT, owayesebenza kumbono awayewuqalile.I-MIT yasebenzisa iingcamango zakhe ukwenza izixhobo zokuqala kunye nomnini-layisenisi kaMnu Parsons (Bendix) onelayisenisi engaphantsi kwe-IBM, i-Fujitusu, kunye ne-GE, phakathi kwabanye.Ingqikelelo ye-NC yacotha ukubamba.Ngokutsho kukaMnu. Parsons, abantu abathengisa ingcamango yayingabantu beekhompyutha endaweni yokuvelisa abantu.Ekuqaleni koo-1970, nangona kunjalo, umkhosi wase-US ngokwawo wasebenzisa iikhomputha ze-NC ngokwakha nokuziqeshisa kubavelisi abaninzi.Umlawuli we-CNC wavela ngokuhambelana nekhompyuter, eqhuba imveliso ngakumbi nangakumbi kunye ne-automation kwiinkqubo zokuvelisa, ngakumbi umatshini.

Yintoni iCNC Machining?
Oomatshini be-CNC benza iinxalenye kwihlabathi jikelele phantse kuwo onke amashishini.Benza izinto ngeeplastiki, isinyithi, i-aluminiyam, umthi kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi ezinzima.Igama elithi "CNC" limele iComputer Numerical Control, kodwa namhlanje wonke umntu uyibiza ngokuba yiCNC.Ke, uwuchaza njani umatshini we-CNC?Zonke iimatshini zokulawula intshukumo ezizenzekelayo zineenxalenye ezintathu eziphambili - umsebenzi womyalelo, inkqubo yokuqhuba / intshukumo, kunye nenkqubo yempendulo.I-CNC machining yinkqubo yokusebenzisa isixhobo somatshini esiqhutywa yikhompyutha ukuvelisa inxalenye ngaphandle kwezinto eziqinileyo kwimo eyahlukileyo.

I-CNC ixhomekeke kwimiyalelo yedijithali edla ngokwenziwa kwiComputer Aid Manufacturing (CAM) okanye kwiComputer Aided Design (CAD) software efana neSolidWorks okanye MasterCAM.I-software ibhala ikhowudi ye-G ukuba umlawuli kumatshini we-CNC angayifunda.Inkqubo yekhompyuter kumlawuli itolika uyilo kwaye ihambise izixhobo zokusika kunye/okanye i-workpiece kwii-axes ezininzi ukusika imilo efunwayo kwi-workpiece.Inkqubo yokusika ngokuzenzekelayo ikhawuleza kakhulu kwaye ichaneke ngakumbi kunentshukumo yezandla yezixhobo kunye nezixhobo zokusebenza ezenziwa ngee-levers kunye nezixhobo kwizixhobo ezindala.Oomatshini be-CNC bale mihla babamba izixhobo ezininzi kwaye benza iintlobo ezininzi zokusika.Inani leendiza zokuhamba (i-axes) kunye nenani kunye neentlobo zezixhobo ezinokuthi umatshini ufikelele ngokuzenzekelayo ngexesha lomatshini wokwenza umsebenzi unquma ukuba i-workpiece enzima kangakanani i-CNC ingayenza.

Usetyenziswa njani umatshini we-CNC?
Oomatshini be-CNC kufuneka bafumane izakhono kuzo zombini iinkqubo kunye nokusebenza kwesinyithi ukusebenzisa ngokupheleleyo amandla omatshini we-CNC.Izikolo zorhwebo zobugcisa kunye neenkqubo zokuqeqeshelwa umsebenzi zihlala ziqala abafundi kwiileyile zezandla ukuze bazive ukuba zisikwa njani isinyithi.Umchwephesha kufuneka akwazi ukubona yonke imilinganiselo emithathu.Namhlanje isoftware yenza kube lula kunakuqala ukwenza amalungu antsonkothileyo, kuba inxenye yokumila inokuzotywa ngokubonakalayo kwaye ke iindlela zesixhobo zinokucetyiswa ngesoftware ukwenza loo malungu.

Uhlobo lweSoftware esetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwiNkqubo yeCNC Machining
Umzobo oNceda kwiKhompyutha (CAD)
Isoftware yeCAD yindawo yokuqala yeeprojekthi ezininzi zeCNC.Kukho iipakethe ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zesoftware yeCAD, kodwa zonke zisetyenziselwa ukuyila uyilo.Iinkqubo ezidumileyo zeCAD ziquka i-AutoCAD, iSolidWorks, kunye neRhino3D.Kukwakho nezisombululo zeCAD esekwe kwilifu, kwaye ezinye zibonelela ngezakhono zeCAM okanye zidibanise nesoftware yeCAM ngcono kunabanye.

Ukwenziwa koNcedo lweKhompyutha (CAM)
Oomatshini be-CNC bahlala besebenzisa iinkqubo ezenziwe ngesoftware yeCAM.I-CAM ivumela abasebenzisi ukuba bamise "umthi womsebenzi" ukuba baququzelele ukuhamba komsebenzi, ukuseta iindlela zesixhobo kunye nokuqhuba ukulinganisa ukusika ngaphambi kokuba umatshini enze ukusika kwangempela.Rhoqo iinkqubo zeCAM zisebenza njengezongezo kwisoftware yeCAD kwaye zenza ikhowudi ye-g exelela izixhobo ze-CNC kunye neendawo ezishukumayo ezishukumayo ukuba ziye phi.IiWizards kwisoftware yeCAM yenza kube lula kunangaphambili ukucwangcisa umatshini weCNC.Isoftware yeCAM edumileyo ibandakanya i-Mastercam, Edgecam, OneCNC, HSMWorks, kunye neSolidcam.I-Mastercam kunye ne-Edgecam i-akhawunti ephantse ibe yi-50% yesabelo semakethe ye-CAM ephezulu ngokwengxelo ye-2015.

Yintoni uLawulo lwamaNani oluSasaziwe?
Ulawulo oluthe ngqo lwamaNani oluye lwaba luLawulo lwamanani oSasazo (DNC)
Ulawulo lwamanani oluthe ngqo lwalusetyenziselwa ukulawula iinkqubo zeNC kunye neeparamitha zoomatshini.Ivumele iinkqubo ukuba zihambe kuthungelwano ukusuka kwikhompyuter ephakathi ukuya kwiikhompyuter ezaziwa ngokuba ziiyunithi zolawulo lomatshini (MCU).Ekuqaleni yayibizwa ngokuba “kuLawulo lwamanani oluthe ngqo,” yayidlula imfuneko yeteyiphu yephepha, kodwa xa ikhompyutha iye yehla, bonke oomatshini bayo behla.

I-Distributed Numerical Control isebenzisa inethiwekhi yeekhomputha ukulungelelanisa ukusebenza koomatshini abaninzi ngokutyisa inkqubo kwi-CNC.Imemori ye-CNC ibamba inkqubo kwaye nomsebenzisi unokuqokelela, ahlele kwaye abuyisele inkqubo.

Iinkqubo zale mihla zeDNC zinokwenza oku kulandelayo:
● Ukuhlela – Inokuqhuba inkqubo enye yeNC ngelixa ezinye zisahlelwa.
● Thelekisa – Thelekisa iinkqubo zeNC zangaphambili nezihleliweyo uze ubone ukuhlelwa.
● Qalisa kwakhona – Xa isixhobo sikophula inkqubo sinokumiswa kwaye iqalise apho ibiyeke khona.
● Ukulandelela umsebenzi - AbaSebenzi banokungena kwimisebenzi kwaye balandele ukuseta kunye nexesha lokusebenza, umzekelo.
● Ukubonisa imizobo - Bonisa iifoto, imizobo yeCAD yezixhobo, izinto ezilungiswayo kunye nokugqiba iinxalenye.
● Ujongano lwesikrini olukwinqanaba eliphambili – Umatshini omnye wokucofa.
● Ulawulo lwedatha ekumgangatho ophezulu - Ukulungelelanisa nokugcina idatha apho inokufunyanwa lula.

Ukuqokelelwa kweeNkcukacha zokuVeliswa (MDC)
Isoftware yeMDC inokubandakanya yonke imisebenzi yesoftware ye-DNC kunye nokuqokelela idatha eyongezelelweyo kwaye iyihlalutye ukwenzela ukusebenza kakuhle kwezixhobo (OEE).Ukusebenza kweSixhobo ngokubanzi kuxhomekeke koku kulandelayo: Umgangatho - inani leemveliso ezihlangabezana nemigangatho esemgangathweni kuzo zonke iimveliso eziveliswayo Ubukho - ipesenti yexesha elicwangcisiweyo ukuba isixhobo esichaziweyo siyasebenza okanye sivelisa iinxalenye Ukusebenza - isantya sokubaleka sangempela xa kuthelekiswa nokuqhutywa okucwangcisiweyo okanye okufanelekileyo. izinga lezixhobo.

OEE = Umgangatho x Ukufumaneka x Ukusebenza
I-OEE yimetric yokusebenza engundoqo (KPI) kwiivenkile ezininzi zoomatshini.

Izisombululo zokuJonga umatshini
Isoftware yokubeka iliso koomatshini inokwakhelwa kwisoftware ye-DNC okanye yeMDC okanye ithengwe ngokwahlukeneyo.Ngezisombululo zokubeka iliso koomatshini, idatha yoomatshini efana nokuseta, ixesha lokuqhuba, kunye nexesha lokuphumla ziqokelelwa ngokuzenzekelayo kwaye zidityaniswe nedatha yabantu njengeekhowudi zesizathu ukubonelela ngembali kunye nexesha lokwenyani lokuqonda indlela imisebenzi eqhutywa ngayo.Oomatshini banamhlanje be-CNC baqokelela kangangoko iintlobo ezingama-200 zedatha, kunye nesoftware yokubeka iliso kumatshini inokwenza loo datha ibe luncedo kuye wonke umntu ukusuka kumgangatho wevenkile ukuya kumgangatho ongaphezulu.Iinkampani ezifana ne-Memex zinikezela ngesofthiwe (i-Tempus) ethatha idatha kulo naluphi na uhlobo lomatshini we-CNC kwaye ifake kwifomathi yedatha esemgangathweni enokuthi iboniswe kwiitshathi ezinentsingiselo kunye neegrafu.Umgangatho wedatha osetyenziswa luninzi lwezisombululo zokubeka iliso kumatshini oye wafumana umhlaba e-USA ubizwa ngokuba yiMTConnect.Namhlanje ezininzi izixhobo zomatshini omtsha we-CNC ziza zixhotyiswe ukubonelela ngedatha kule fomati.Oomatshini abadala basenako ukunika ulwazi oluxabisekileyo ngeeadaptha.Ukujongwa koomatshini koomatshini be-CNC kuye kwaba yinto eqhelekileyo kwiminyaka embalwa edlulileyo, kwaye izisombululo zesoftware entsha zihlala ziphuhliswa.

Zeziphi iindidi ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini be-CNC?
Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo zoomatshini be-CNC namhlanje.Oomatshini be-CNC zizixhobo zoomatshini ezisika okanye ezihambisa izinto njengoko zicwangcisiwe kumlawuli, njengoko kuchaziwe ngasentla.Uhlobo lokusika lunokwahluka ukusuka ekusikeni kweplasma ukuya kwi-laser cut, i-milling, i-routing, kunye ne-lathes.Oomatshini be-CNC banokuthatha kwaye bahambise izinto kumgca wendibano.

Ngezantsi ziintlobo ezisisiseko zoomatshini be-CNC:
Iileyile:Olu hlobo lwe-CNC luguqula i-workpiece kwaye luhambisa isixhobo sokusika kwi-workpiece.I-lathe esisiseko yi-2-axis, kodwa ii-axes ezininzi ngakumbi zinokongezwa ukwandisa ukuntsokotha kokusikwa kunokwenzeka.Izinto ezijikelezayo zijikeleza kwi-spindle kwaye zicinezelwe ngokuchasene nesixhobo sokusila okanye sokukrola esenza imilo efunekayo.Iilathesi zisetyenziselwa ukwenza izinto ezilinganayo ezifana nezangqa, iicones, okanye iisilinda.Oomatshini abaninzi be-CNC banemisebenzi emininzi kwaye badibanisa zonke iintlobo zokusika.

Iindlela:Iirutha ze-CNC zihlala zisetyenziselwa ukusika imilinganiselo emikhulu ngamaplanga, isinyithi, amashiti, kunye neeplastiki.Iirouters eziqhelekileyo zisebenza kwi-3-axis coordinate, ngoko ke banokunqumla imilinganiselo emithathu.Nangona kunjalo, unokuthenga kwakhona oomatshini be-4,5 kunye ne-6-axis yeemodeli zeprototype kunye neemilo ezinzima.

Ukugaya:Oomatshini bokugaya ngesandla basebenzisa amavili ezandla kunye nezikrufu zokukhokela ukucacisa isixhobo sokusika kwisixhobo sokusebenza.Kumatshini wokusila we-CNC, i-CNC ihambisa izikrufu zebhola ezichanekileyo kwizikhonkwane ezicwangcisiweyo endaweni yoko.Oomatshini bokugaya be-CNC beza kuluhlu olubanzi lobungakanani kunye neentlobo kwaye banokubaleka kwiizembe ezininzi.

Abasiki bePlasma:I-CNC plasma cutter isebenzisa i-laser enamandla ukusika.Uninzi lwabasiki beplasma basika iimilo ezicwangcisiweyo ngaphandle kweshiti okanye ipleyiti.

Isishicileli se-3D:Umshicileli we-3D usebenzisa inkqubo ukuyixelela apho ilala khona amasuntswana amancinane wemathiriyeli ukwakha imilo efunekayo.Amalungu e-3D akhiwe umaleko nge-laser ukuqinisa ulwelo okanye amandla njengoko iileya zikhula.

Khetha kwaye ubeke Umatshini:Umatshini we-CNC "wokukhetha kunye nendawo" usebenza ngokufana ne-router ye-CNC, kodwa endaweni yokusika izinto, umatshini unemibhobho emininzi emincinci ethabatha izinto usebenzisa i-vacuum, ihambise kwindawo oyifunayo kwaye ibeke phantsi.Ezi zisetyenziselwa ukwenza iitafile, iibhodi zekhompyuter kunye nezinye iindibano zombane (phakathi kwezinye izinto.)

Oomatshini be-CNC banokwenza izinto ezininzi.Namhlanje itekhnoloji yekhompyuter inokubekwa malunga noomatshini onokucinga.I-CNC ithatha indawo yojongano lomntu olufunekayo ukuhambisa iindawo zomatshini ukufumana isiphumo esifunekayo.Ii-CNC zanamhlanje ziyakwazi ukuqala ngezinto eziluhlaza, njengebhloko yentsimbi, kwaye zenze inxalenye enzima kakhulu ngokunyamezela okuchanekileyo kunye nokuphindaphinda okumangalisayo.

Ukuyibeka Ndawonye: Iivenkile zoomatshini be-CNC zenza njani iinxalenye
Ukusebenzisa i-CNC kubandakanya zombini ikhompyutha (umlawuli) kunye nokusekwa komzimba.Inkqubo eqhelekileyo yokuthenga oomatshini ibonakala ngolu hlobo:

Injineli yoyilo yenza uyilo kwinkqubo yeCAD kwaye iyithumele kumdwelisi weCNC.Umdwelisi weprogram uvula ifayile kwiprogram yeCAM ukwenza isigqibo malunga nezixhobo ezifunekayo kunye nokudala inkqubo ye-NC ye-CNC.Uthumela inkqubo ye-NC kumatshini we-CNC kwaye unikezela ngoluhlu lwezixhobo ezichanekileyo zokucwangcisa kumsebenzisi.Umsebenzisi wokusetha ulayisha izixhobo njengoko kuyalelwe kwaye alayishe imathiriyeli ekrwada (okanye i-workpiece).Emva koko uqhuba iziqwenga zesampulu kwaye azilinganise ngezixhobo zokuqinisekisa umgangatho ukuze aqinisekise ukuba umatshini we-CNC wenza iinxalenye ngokweenkcukacha.Ngokuqhelekileyo, umqhubi wocwangciso ubonelela ngenqaku lokuqala kwisebe elisemgangathweni eliqinisekisa yonke imilinganiselo kunye neempawu zokuvala kuseto.Umatshini we-CNC okanye oomatshini abanxulumeneyo balayishwe ngezinto ezikrwada ezaneleyo ukwenza inani elifunekayo lamaqhekeza, kwaye umqhubi womatshini umi kufutshane ukuze aqinisekise ukuba umatshini uyaqhubeka esebenza, esenza iinxalenye ukuba zixelwe.kwaye inemathiriyeli ekrwada.Kuxhomekeka kumsebenzi, kaninzi kuyenzeka ukuqhuba oomatshini be-CNC “izibane zicinywe” kungekho mqhubi ukhoyo.Amalungu agqityiweyo ahanjiswa kwindawo ekhethiweyo ngokuzenzekelayo.

Abavelisi banamhlanje banokwenza ngokuzenzekelayo phantse nayiphi na inkqubo enikwe ixesha elaneleyo, izixhobo kunye nokucinga.Imathiriyeli ekrwada ingangena kumatshini kwaye iindawo ezigqityiweyo zinokuphuma zipakishwe sele zilungele ukuhamba.Abavelisi baxhomekeke kuluhlu olubanzi koomatshini be-CNC ukwenza izinto ngokukhawuleza, ngokuchanekileyo nangeendleko ezifanelekileyo.